{"id":1170,"date":"2025-01-09T17:22:19","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T15:22:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\/raiskums-vidzemes-sirds-vesturiska-atskata\/"},"modified":"2025-06-06T10:48:18","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T07:48:18","slug":"raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\/en\/raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Raiskums \u2013 The Heart of Vidzeme Through the Lens of History"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Raiskums \u2013 A Historical Glimpse into the Heart of Vidzeme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Auciems and Raiskums until the 18th Century<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation around the lakes of Auciems and Raiskums dates back to the Bronze Age (15th\u20131st century BCE). Burial mounds from this period have been discovered near the \u201cAvoti\u0146i\u201d and \u201cDumpji\u201d homesteads. At Avoti\u0146i, a single mound was encircled by 22 stones. The deceased were laid in stone cists in the center of the mound. The only artifact found there was a double amber button, dated to the late Bronze Age (mid-1st millennium BCE).<\/p>\n

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Archaeological exploration of the mound began in the late 19th century. In the records compiled by Estonian archaeologist Harri Moora, this burial site is referred to as the Auciems burial mound, located about 6.5 km from C\u0113sis on the road to Limba\u017ei. The mound contained three burial chambers side by side, constructed from large split granite blocks. One chamber yielded a double amber button and a fragment of a bronze item; the others were empty.<\/p>\n

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Adjacent to the Bronze Age Dumpji mound is an Early Iron Age (1st\u20134th century CE) stone cairn cemetery containing cremation burials in stone chambers. These graves, oriented east-west, are known in Estonia as tarands<\/em>\u2014rectangular chambers built from large stones. The continuation of burials near a Bronze Age mound suggests a local origin for the tarand tradition. This burial type, featuring both cremations and inhumations covered with ash, soil, and stones, was common throughout Estonia and Northern Latvia and associated with the ancestors of later Livonian and Estonian peoples.<\/p>\n

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On August 1, 1889, excavations at the Dumpji cemetery were carried out by R. Hausmanis, G. Le\u0161ke, and L. von Schr\u00f6der. Although their notes have not survived, the excavation plan indicates multiple rows of stones in the heavily damaged western section. A circle of small stones in the east yielded a bronze torc with trumpet-shaped ends. Burnt bone fragments in the tarands were heaped similarly to finds at Kambja in Estonia. Artifacts included two trumpet-ended torcs, two penannular brooches, three bracelets and fragments, and five other indeterminate fragments.<\/p>\n

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Another Early Iron Age cemetery was found in the Sve\u0137i forest, about 8.5 km from C\u0113sis. Unlike the lakeside Dumpji site, this one lies deep in the woods. Excavated in 1888 by A. Felds, director of the Birkenruh Gymnasium, the site had an oval stone cairn. Beneath some stones were ashes, charcoal, many bone fragments, two torcs (one snake-shaped), twisted bronze wire, and a small animal figurine.<\/p>\n

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All known burial sites in Raiskums Parish are of Finno-Ugric origin. In contrast, flat cemeteries typical of the Latgalians and Vends are found primarily on the left bank of the Gauja River.<\/p>\n

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No Iron Age settlements have been confirmed in Raiskums Parish, with the sole exception being the Kv\u0113pene hillfort near the Gauja River, though only minor excavations have been conducted there. The ethnic identity of its inhabitants remains unclear. The hillfort\u2019s construction differs from typical Livonian sites, featuring square masonry structures, possibly the remains of a tower.<\/p>\n

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Speculations suggest that the \u201cUrele\u201d mentioned in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia<\/em> may have been located at K\u016bdu Church Hill, and that the Kv\u0113pene hillfort might have been the seat of Latgalian elder R\u016bsi\u0146\u0161. However, Henry consistently refers to R\u016bsi\u0146\u0161 as a Latgalian elder, with no clear link to Idumea, a region he knew well. Therefore, Satekle\u2014R\u016bsi\u0146\u0161\u2019s castle\u2014was likely on the left (Latgalian) bank of the Gauja, not the Livonian-populated right bank.<\/p>\n

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Linguistic, archaeological, and written sources suggest that by the early 13th century, the territory of present-day Raiskums Parish was part of Idumea, jointly inhabited by Livonians and Latgalians.<\/p>\n

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Henry\u2019s chronicle first mentions Idumea in 1206, when Priest Daniel, sent by the Riga cathedral chapter, preached and baptized in Livonian territories along the Daugava and Gauja rivers. He eventually reached Idumea, baptized many Livonians and Latgalians, built a church near the Ropa (later Brasla) River, and settled there.<\/p>\n

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In 1207, Livonia\u2019s newly Christianized lands were divided between the Bishop of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The Gauja River was set as the boundary: the bishop received the Livonian lands on the right bank (Idumea and Imera), while the Order took over the Latgalian and Vendic lands on the left bank.<\/p>\n

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Baltic-German ethnographer August Bielenstein, in 1884, based on Henry\u2019s chronicle and toponymic studies, demonstrated that many places near Raiskums mentioned in the chronicle belonged to Idumea. He also identified the Finno-Ugric roots of the name \u201cRaiskums.\u201d<\/p>\n

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The name Idumaa<\/em> derives from the Livonian and Estonian ida<\/em> (\u201cnortheast\u201d) and maa<\/em> (\u201cland\u201d), likely named by Livonians living southwest of it.<\/p>\n

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Henry\u2019s chronicle describes Latgalians and Idumeans living together in Idumea. Based on place names, Idumeans were likely Livonians. In 1213, Bishop Albert appointed exiled Pskov prince Vladimir as vogt over Idumea and the Latgalians, with his residence in Metimne. This coexistence is supported by reports of Daniel preaching and baptizing both groups and building a church at Ropa (Straupe).<\/p>\n

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Bielenstein concluded that Latgalians were the minority, as Daniel preached in Livonian and didn\u2019t venture beyond Vendic C\u0113sis\u2014indicating he likely didn\u2019t speak Latgalian.<\/p>\n

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The center of Idumea was around the Ropa (Raupa) River. On a high bank above the river (super Ropam<\/em>), Daniel built the first church, later served by Priest Alobrand. Bielenstein found no Livonian or Estonian roots for the name \u201cRopa,\u201d speculating it was a Livonized Latvian name derived from \u201cStraupe.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Auciems and Raiskums were part of Idumea. According to Bielenstein, the Livonian raisk<\/em> and Estonian raiskama<\/em> mean \u201cto perish,\u201d and kudd<\/em> (Est.) or kuduma<\/em> (Liv.) mean \u201cto weave\/knit.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Researcher A. Western-Doll classified \u201cRaiskums\u201d as a Livonian toponym derived from maggi<\/em> (\u201chill\u201d). In historical documents, it appears as Rascomaggi.<\/p>\n

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The earliest written source mentioning Raiskums (and possibly Auciems) is a 1350 fief letter from Archbishop Fromhold of Riga. Knight Volmar von Rosen and his son Heneke received Augstroze Castle and surrounding lands, including Raiskums (Rayskemene), Audere (possibly Auciems), and four free men of Raiskums (vier freyen von Reuskemene<\/em>). These \u201cfree men\u201d may have been granted as vassals, a rare case in Livonia before the mid-16th century.<\/p>\n

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They were possibly responsible for guarding the important Gauja ferry crossing between C\u0113sis and Straupe. This link is reinforced by later surveys, which mention Raiskums Manor maintaining the ferry at Si\u013c\u0137i.<\/p>\n

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The village of \u201cAndere\u201d listed in the same document could be an early name for Auciems. By 1624, the name \u201cAuciems\u201d appears clearly in Swedish records, and it is mentioned as a district (vaka) of Lielstraupe manor. Based on surveys from 1624 and 1638, the village extended south, west, and north of Lake Auciems.<\/p>\n

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Surveys and the 1683 Raiskums Manor plan show that the village of Raiskums consisted of two parts: one near the lake and forest, the other to the southeast between the lake and the Gauja. This latter part became the location of Raiskums Manor. The 1638 survey notes that the village once had 20 households.<\/p>\n

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Two medieval cemeteries in the area\u2014at Auciems and near Raiskums Dimdi\u2014may have been established beside old chapels. One grave in Auciems features a carved cross, suggesting a medieval origin.<\/p>\n

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Archaeological surveys confirmed that the \u201cOld Cemetery\u201d of Auciems (or \u201cSwedish Cemetery\u201d) is no longer being disturbed. Excavations in 1975 at Dimdi found human skulls, confirming its cemetery status.<\/p>\n

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Bielenstein also noted Livonian-named farms in Raiskums Parish into the 19th century\u2014e.g., Kaderi, Rujas, Vapas\u2014indicating a lasting Finno-Ugric presence.<\/p>\n

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Heinz Pirang\u2019s research shows Auciems became an independent manor in 1775 after passing through the hands of several noble families, including the Rozens, Albedils, Gavel, Strokirch, and Z\u012bvers. The manor was expropriated during the 1920 agrarian reform.<\/p>\n

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H. von Hagemeister\u2019s accounts of Raiskums and Auciems manors are detailed but difficult to verify due to missing references. Still, they reflect the Rozens’ significant ownership of estates like Straupe, Auciems, Raiskums, and others.<\/p>\n

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The earliest population records for Raiskums appear in the 1638 land audit. Many original inhabitants had perished or left, and settlers from the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia had replaced them\u2014likely due to war, famine, and epidemic.<\/p>\n

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The estate owner was Sofia von Mengden, widow of Fabian von Rosen. At the time, there was an inn and a mill in Raiskums, though the mill was not operational.<\/p>\n

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Of the seven peasant families recorded in Raiskums, only one had a son. Most viable family lines came from Courland immigrants.<\/p>\n

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The audit also listed 10 abandoned farmsteads, indicating significant depopulation. These data highlight the turbulent history of the region due to conflict, famine, and social upheaval.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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[1]<\/a> Apals J. Arheolo\u0123iskie pieminek\u013ci Gaujas nacion\u0101laj\u0101 park\u0101 \u2013 R., 1986. (turpm\u0101k \u2013 Apals J.), 45.lpp.\r\n\r\n[2]<\/a> Moora H. Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500 n. Chr. \u2013 Tartu, 1929 (turpm\u0101k \u2013 Moora H.), S.184\r\n\r\n[3]<\/a> Apals J., 46.lpp.\r\n\r\n[4]<\/a> Apals J., 51.lpp.\r\n\r\n[5]<\/a> Moora H., S.34\r\n\r\n[6]<\/a> Moora H., S.35\r\n\r\n[7]<\/a> Moora H., S.34\r\n\r\n[8]<\/a> Apals J., 79.lpp.\r\n\r\n[9]<\/a> Apals J., 75.lpp.\r\n\r\n[10]<\/a> Apals J., 78.lpp.\r\n\r\n[11]<\/a> Indri\u0137a hronika. \u0100. Feldh\u016bna tulkojums \u2013 R., 1993. (turpm\u0101k \u2013 Indri\u0137a hronika), 99.lpp.\r\n\r\n[12]<\/a> Indri\u0137a hronika, 103.lpp.\r\n\r\n[13]<\/a> Bielenstein A. Fragmente aus der Ethnographie und Geographie Alt-Livands \u2013 Mitau, 1884 (turpm\u0101k \u2013 Bielenstein A.), S.22\r\n\r\n[14]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.16\r\n\r\n[15]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.17\r\n\r\n[16]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.18\r\n\r\n[17]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.20\r\n\r\n[18]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.19\r\n\r\n[19]<\/a> Bielenstein A., S.22\r\n\r\n[20]<\/a> Westren \u2013 Doll A. Urkundliche livische und kurische Ortsnamen \/\/ Sitzungsberichte der Gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft fuer 1924 \u2013 Dorpat, 1926, S.10\r\n\r\n[21]<\/a> Livlaendische Gueterurkunden. 1. Band \u2013 Riga, 1908, S.73-74\r\n\r\n[22]<\/a> Livlaendische Gueterurkunden. 1. Band \u2013 Riga, 1908, S.74\r\n\r\n[23]<\/a> Livlaendische Gueterurkunden. 1. Band \u2013 Riga, 1908, S.349\r\n\r\n[24]<\/a> Hagemeister H. von. Materialen zu einer Geschichte der Landgueter Livlands. 1. Teil \u2013 Riga, 1836(turpm\u0101k \u2013 Hagemeister H. von), S.98\r\n\r\n[25]<\/a> P\u0101vul\u0101ne V. Straupes draudzes iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 koloniz\u0101cija Livonijas laikos. Apdz\u012bvoto vietu \u0123eogr\u0101fija \/\/ Feod\u0101lisms Baltijas re\u0123ion\u0101 \u2013 R., 1983. (turpm\u0101k \u2013 P\u0101vul\u0101ne V.), 92.lpp.\r\n\r\n[26]<\/a> Igau\u0146u \u2013 latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdn\u012bca - http:\/\/www.letonika.lv\/groups\/default.aspx?g=2&r=10611062&f=1\r\n\r\n[27]<\/a> L\u012bbie\u0161u \u2013 latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdn\u012bca - http:\/\/www.valoda.lv\/Libiesu-igaunu-latviesu_vardnica\r\n\r\n[28]<\/a> \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e - \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c - \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 2007, \u0441\u0442\u0440.514\r\n\r\n[29]<\/a> Igau\u0146u \u2013 latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdn\u012bca - http:\/\/www.letonika.lv\/groups\/default.aspx?g=2&r=10611062&f=1\r\n\r\n[30]<\/a> Liv, est- und kurlaendisches Urkundenbuch. 6.Bd. \u2013 Riga, 1873, S.51\r\n\r\n[31]<\/a> Liv, est- und kurlaendisches Urkundenbuch. 2.Bd. \u2013 Reval, 1855, S.229\r\n\r\n[32]<\/a> Liv, est- und kurlaendisches Urkundenbuch 2.Abt, 1.Bd. \u2013 Riga, Moskau, 1900, S.163\r\n\r\n[33]<\/a> Ehst- und Livlaendische Brieflade. 2. Abt., 1. Bd. \u2013 Reval, 1861, S.474\r\n\r\n[34]<\/a> Indri\u0137a hronika, 187., 233.lpp.\r\n\r\n[35]<\/a> P\u0101vul\u0101ne V., 64.lpp.\r\n\r\n[36]<\/a> P\u0101vul\u0101ne V., 75.lpp.\r\n\r\n[37]<\/a> P\u0101vul\u0101ne V., 68.lpp.\r\n\r\n[38]<\/a> Apals J., 111.lpp.\r\n\r\n[39]<\/a> Apals J., 11.lpp.\r\n\r\n[40]<\/a> Pirang H. Das baltische Herrenhaus . 2. Teil \u2013 Riga, 1928, S.45\r\n\r\n[41]<\/a>Hagemeister H. von, S.94\r\n\r\n[42]<\/a> Hagemeister H. von, S.97\r\n\r\n[43]<\/a> Hagemeister H. von, S.98\r\n\r\n[44]<\/a> Vidzemes 1638. gada arklu rev\u012bzija. II burtn\u012bca. Izd. E. Dunsdorfs \u2013 R., 1940.(turpm\u0101k \u2013 Vidzemes 1638. gada arklu rev\u012bzija), 425.lpp.\r\n\r\n[45]<\/a> Vidzemes 1638.gada arklu rev\u012bzija, 424.lpp.\r\n\r\n[46]<\/a> Vidzemes 1638. gada arklu rev\u012bzija, 426.-427.lpp.\r\n\r\n[47]<\/a> Vidzemes 1638. gada arklu rev\u012bzija, 428.lpp.\r\n\r\n[48]<\/a> Vidzemes 1638. gada arklu rev\u012bzija,429.lpp.<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Raiskums \u2013 A Historical Glimpse into the Heart of Vidzeme Auciems and Raiskums until the 18th Century The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation around the lakes of Auciems and Raiskums dates back to the Bronze Age (15th\u20131st century BCE). Burial mounds from this period have been discovered near the \u201cAvoti\u0146i\u201d and \u201cDumpji\u201d homesteads. At […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"class_list":["post-1170","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-historical-writings"],"yoast_head":"\nRaiskums \u2013 The Heart of Vidzeme Through the Lens of History - V\u0113sturiski akt\u012bvs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"RAISKUMS \u2013 THE HEART OF VIDZEME THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\/en\/raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Raiskums \u2013 The Heart of Vidzeme Through the Lens of History - V\u0113sturiski akt\u012bvs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"RAISKUMS \u2013 THE HEART OF VIDZEME THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\/en\/raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"V\u0113sturiski akt\u012bvs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/vesturiskiaktivs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-06T07:48:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/vest.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"195\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"75\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\\\/en\\\/raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vesturiskiaktivs.lv\\\/en\\\/raiskums-the-heart-of-vidzeme-through-the-lens-of-history\\\/\",\"name\":\"Raiskums \u2013 The Heart of Vidzeme Through the Lens of History - 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